Information security describes efforts to protect data from all forms of threats, including analog and digital. Cybersecurity is an umbrella term that encompasses the processes individuals or companies take to increase the safety of online data and activities. It can also refer to the state of affairs in which online security is achieved. Threats to cybersecurity come in various, often criminal, forms.

Threats to information security have been a concern since the widespread use of computers, but cybersecurity threats especially grew with the inception of the internet. Anything that is created — especially in the fast-moving tech world — holds the potential to be used in a nefarious way. The ubiquity of internet connectivity means that information security and cybersecurity are often used interchangeably. Mike Dover, the author of a book on the relationship between tech and evil acts, has the following to say:

“. . . some threats are easier to address than others. Certainly, people should realize that Wikileaks and its ilk can publish everything you type and criminals will become more sophisticated at stealing from you. You need to be more critical and more careful.”

The more advanced technology becomes, the harder cybercriminals will work to keep up and find new ways to access sensitive data. Mike Dover also emphasizes that technology inventors should address cybersecurity and information security issues, adding safeguards against attacks and working with authorities to prosecute any that slip through the cracks. Thankfully, next-gen tech is acknowledging cybersecurity threats and taking steps to protect consumers. This helps businesses and everyday users in their efforts to stay safe while using tech.

Effective cybersecurity operates under three basic principles: confidentiality, integrity and availability. This means that to be successful, cybersecurity efforts must keep information confidential, unaltered and available for authorized individuals to use. External attacks and internal mishandling can throw a wrench in this process at any point.

The areas affected by security threats include all devices connected within the Internet of Things (IoT), whether it be mobile devices, other hardware, or cloud-computing devices that store data and platform information. The security measures you take will highly depend on your level of data sensitivity and threat risk. For example, CEOs of large companies should have an in-depth cybersecurity strategy due to the volume of people that would be impacted by a data breach.

However, adequate preparation is essential for everyone. Both individual and company-wide prep is key to achieving cybersecurity. Regardless of the type of data you store or information you share, it’s imperative to learn more about the fundamental cybersecurity Framework and its primary functions:

• Identify — To regularly familiarize yourself with common cybersecurity threats that could affect your organization
• Protect — To install and practice cybersecurity measures that can prevent an attack from happening
• Detect — To identify any existing or currently occurring threats
• Respond — To react to any current threats to prevent further damage
• Recover — To re-obtain any information stolen and prevent a future attack from occurring

There is some overlap between business and individual information security measures. Both large organizations and everyday people have to choose third-party services wisely, investigating their data security practices before entrusting their sensitive information to them. A solid understanding of cybersecurity helps you keep your data safe at any level — from avoiding scam emails to preventing a global leak of consumers’ bank card information.

To adequately prepare, you need to understand the various types of cyberattacks threatening internet safety. Many attackers have the intention of stealing sensitive data and using it for monetary gain, as the vast majority — nearly 96% — of data breaches since 2015 have been financially motivated, according to the 2022 Data Breach Investigations Report. Attackers sell this information to other cybercriminals, who may then use it for fraudulent transactions, identity theft, extortion or other unethical purposes. In addition, “hacktivism” or espionage leaks are the second most common motive for cybercriminals, which accounts for 25% of cybercrimes since 2015.

For either motive, stolen information is the main focus and there are several ways to go about obtaining that information. This guide walks you through some of the most common cybersecurity threats.

Phishing, smishing and spear phishing

Phishing is a common form of spam intended to create a sense of urgency or incite fear in the recipient of an email, phone call or text message. The scammer wants the recipient to feel compelled to hand over sensitive information, such as login credentials or bank account numbers. This is done through intimidation tactics, such as alerting the consumer that they have broken some sort of policy and need to update their account immediately.

The message sent is always intentionally deceptive, sometimes even impersonating popular brands — or even simply area codes — that customers typically trust. This identity masking is called spoofing. If the sender is clearly pretending to be a trusted company, they are likely targeting customers of that specific company. There is usually a link within the email or text that leads you to a fake website of said company. This is called spear phishing. 

Phishing efforts specifically done via spam texts are known as smishing. These messages are sent via Short Message Service (SMS), but they have the same basic makeup as phishing emails and phone calls. The scammers attempt to obtain sensitive information from you by pretending to be a legitimate company with an offer or “urgent” matter that needs your attention. If there is some sort of social engineering involved, scammers will use pretexting to communicate a bit and try to deceive you.

All of these phishing scams have some features that help make them easier to spot. Don’t click a link or divulge any sensitive info if you notice:

• Fake-looking phone numbers or URLs
• Misspellings and grammatical errors
• Unsolicited “prizes”
• Unusual urgency

If something seems off, it’s better to be safe than sorry. Legitimate companies typically don’t require immediate action or ask for sensitive information to be sent via insecure digital channels.

Malware

Malware is a type of software designed to harm your computer, thwart your ability to access your tech or gain access to your information. The prefix “mal” refers to “malicious” software, encompassing all types of computer viruses, bugs and software downloaded without your express permission or knowledge. 

Some of the more common forms of malware include:

• Cryptojacking — Newer malware that allows hackers to mine cryptocurrency without the owner’s knowledge
• Ransomware — Malware that effectively holds your system for ransom, disabling it until you pay a sum of money
• Spyware — Malware that spies on your device’s activity without your knowledge
• Trojans — Malware that is enacted unknowingly by victims when downloaded and used under false pretenses due to social engineering in emails or texts
• Viruses — Forms of malware that attaches to a file on your device and then expands to other files to delete, corrupt or encrypt them
• Worms — Similar to viruses, worms are invasive but work to find places to exploit your system instead of attacking files

Regardless of the type of malicious attack, malware needs to exploit some sort of vulnerability in your system. This allows hackers to gain access to your device or server without your permission, wreaking havoc in a variety of ways.

Distributed denial of service (DDoS)

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks inundate their target server, network, or website with a deluge of fake traffic, so it’s inaccessible to real users. The botnet — a network of devices used for a DDoS attack, including computers and IoT devices — may release several issues as a part of the attack, all to crash the web server. This may be done through overwhelming bot traffic or other scripts that flood the server with too many or conflicting requests. This increases your vulnerability and may be used to:

• Extort money from the target
• Make a political or socio-economic statement
• Thwart other businesses from participating in a sales event
• Serve as a smokescreen

With the smokescreen tactic, your systems will all be focused on getting the server back online. This distracts from possible exploitations that allow for other forms of cyberattacks. Regardless of the intent, DDoS attacks are a nuisance and can cost you or your business unnecessary time, resources and money. However, they can be easily addressed with a cloud-based mitigation service.

Conversely, a Telephony denial of service (TDoS) attack attempts to distract a phone service and prevent incoming and outgoing calls by overwhelming them with fake/scam calls. Luckily, this can be easily addressed with a layered approach to your voice security.

Man in the middle (MitM)

MitM attacks are also sometimes referred to as monster-in-the-middle, machine-in-the-middle, monkey-in-the-middle, meddler-in-the-middle or person-in-the-middle attacks. These all mean the same thing — that a cyber attacker is intercepting your communications. Typically, this happens when the intruder is trying to obtain sensitive information. At times, they can also alter the messages between two parties.

Advanced persistent threats (APTs)

If an organized group is particularly invested in hacking your company, they may use APTs. APTs are not one-and-done attacks — they are continuous efforts to compromise your systems over a period of time. Intruders who have long-term goals in mind typically implement these attacks, using various techniques to exploit your systems.

APTs can lead to:

• Complete site takeovers
• Data deletion
• Intellectual property theft
• Leaking of private or sensitive communications
• Sensitive information breaches, such as leaks of login credentials or strategy intel

Regardless of the goal, APTs are particularly insidious. Intruders may cause lasting, detrimental effects to you or your organization.

Cyberthreats, as well as full-on cyberattacks, can have harmful short- and long-term effects on their intended targets. While cyberattacks almost always have adverse consequences, they can impact consumers and businesses in slightly different ways.

Impacts on consumers

Consumers are frequently in the news, detailing their vulnerability to attacks and how new ways of scamming online are spreading like wildfire. By the time news circulates of a new cybersecurity threat to consumers, you may already have fallen victim. Some of the consumer-related issues that occur with cybercrimes include but are not limited to:

• Identity theft
• Financial losses (through left, fraud or slamming and cramming)
• Continued surveillance or spying

Although businesses have higher stakes, they may also be able to recover more easily from cyberattacks. Individuals don’t typically have IT experience or extra funds to tap into and remediate issues caused by scammers or hackers.

The vulnerability of individuals may also make employees in the transition to remote work harder to protect from cyberattacks. If employees aren’t trained in cybersecurity, their devices are more susceptible. This can impact the security of entire organizations.

Impacts on businesses

In the wake of a cyberattack, businesses can experience many of the same issues as individual consumers.

However, cyberattacks have visible and hidden costs for organizations of all sizes. Your company may face compromised employee and consumer data, disrupted services, monetary theft, legal consequences and vulnerability to future threats. These impacts can also be less tangible — but still serious — including damage to your reputation and loss of consumer trust in your brand. Depending on the nature and severity of the attack, you may deal with these impacts for years to come.

Small businesses experiencing cybersecurity issues may also feel the effects of a cyberattack more severely than their larger counterparts. Due to their size, they may not have access to as many resources available that will help with recovery, such as specialized IT support or additional funds. Without the necessary knowledge or financial support, some companies may find themselves unable to recover at all.

Ultimately, the impacts of a cyberattack can be devastating and recovery can be difficult. Prevention is by far the best way to avoid these consequences and protect your information online.

Cybersecurity best practices are largely the same for both consumers and businesses. However, you’ll have to make some unique considerations, taking your personal circumstances into account, to ensure you’re properly protected.

Best practices for consumers

You don’t have to be an IT expert to protect yourself and others from cyberattacks. Some of the simplest ways to stay safe online include: 

• Using strong, unique passwords or a password manager app and multi-factor authentication
• Never giving out passwords or personal information to an unsolicited caller, email or text
• Reporting or deleting any suspicious emails, messages, texts or attachments; don’t click or interact with any links contained within these messages
• Keeping PC and mobile device software up to date
• Installing antivirus, anti-malware or firewall programs
• Uninstalling old apps you no longer use
• Being cautious with your use of online banking options and/or online payment methods and enable security notifications on your banking accounts if available
• Vetting privacy settings and updating/changing them when applicable
• Backing up your data regularly
• Turning off Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities in public areas
• Vetting all third-party transactions, including reviewing privacy policies
• Being “overly” suspicious in all of your online activities

The best way to fight against cyberattacks is to educate yourself on cybersecurity. This not only protects you personally, but it may prevent your business and customers from enduring the negative effects of cybercrimes. You may also choose to consult professionals who will help protect your devices.

Best practices for businesses

Whether you’re reacting to a recent attack or being as proactive as possible, there are several cybersecurity best practices that your business can benefit from, including:

• Educating yourself, employees and consumers on cyber safety
• Limiting employee access to sensitive information
• Identifying and securing information most likely to be a target of an attack
• Specifying a bring-your-own-device (BYOD) policy or providing devices that have appropriate MDM and MTD software installed
• Protecting company hardware and software
• Utiliizing a layered approach for voice anti-fraud and authentication for telephone security
• Backing up important information and data
• Using a virtual private network (VPN) and other protective tools
• Testing and auditing the effectiveness of your cybersecurity efforts periodically
• Enlisting the help of professionals for IT support
• Creating a plan to respond to and recover from cyberattacks

Because the digital landscape changes constantly, you need to continually re-evaluate your cybersecurity efforts to ensure your employees, your customers and your entire organization are properly safeguarded from evolving threats.

There are a variety of resources online that exist to both educate and provide services for businesses and consumers on cybersecurity. Use guides like this and other business cybersecurity resources to better your understanding and protect yourself against cyberattacks before they even begin.

• StaySafeOnline from the National Cybersecurity Alliance
• Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA)
• The National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence (NCCoE)

Remember that organizations such as these exist to protect you and your business online. Technological advancements will undoubtedly bring about more ways in which hackers and scammers can exploit tech for personal gain. Staying on top of these advancements will allow you to protect yourself as best as possible — and mitigate any unintended consequences along the way.

Augmented reality (AR) is quickly becoming more common in today’s digital world. In 2021, 810 million people used an AR program or app on a mobile device. Projections suggest that figure will rise to 1.4 billion people by 2024.

This upward trend indicates that tech users are embracing AR, which provides digital enhancements to real-world environments. These experiences are usually available through mobile phones or tablets, but there are also high-tech glasses and headgear made especially for AR.

Despite its popularity, AR development has encountered roadblocks. In addition to low mobile data speed and device limitations, the biggest issue is that it is difficult to create and distribute AR content.

Most AR developments have been for specialized purposes, such as healthcare procedures, security, real estate, or gaming. Most people still rely on traditional browsers and apps when they want information.

However, the AR cloud aims to make augmented reality more accessible to everyone.

In the simplest terms, the AR cloud is a digital copy of the real world. Developers can build augmented reality experiences using this framework instead of starting from scratch.

The AR cloud will make it possible to localize experiences. For example, if you are walking down a street, you will be able to use your smartphone camera to view your surroundings. An AR app, such as Google Lens, will use digital overlays to help you search for specific sites, see details about surrounding businesses and get crowdsourced information, such as restaurant reviews.

The AR cloud is growing out of previous technologies, including geopositioning, image recognition, and machine learning. It is also being aided by faster internet and mobile data connections, including 5G.

The AR cloud is a unique system, even compared to other cloud-based technologies.

Cloud technologies help to create virtualized platforms for work, games, and information. Like other cloud-based systems, the AR cloud will let users access information without having to first download it to a computer or device.

However, there are some significant differences between the AR frameworks and other cloud-based technologies.

• The AR cloud brings virtual information to the physical world. Other cloud-based technologies focus solely on creating virtual platforms for work, study, research, or entertainment. For example, a traditional cloud-based platform could provide a central place where users can upload reviews of local coffee shops. Readers would have to go to the cloud-based site to see the reviews. However, an app on the AR cloud would recognize a specific coffee shop and overlay reviews without requiring you to visit the site.
• The AR cloud works with specific hardware. All cloud-based technologies are accessible from desktops, laptops, and mobile devices.
• The AR cloud will also operate with specialized wearable devices, such as smart glasses or headsets. That said, much of early AR development is for mobile devices, so users will likely also be able to rely on more traditional hardware.

Despite these differences, the accessibility and scalability of cloud-based systems are the same for both AR and more-traditional cloud platforms.

Early examples of AR include live photo filters on Snapchat and Instagram and augmented reality games, like Pokemon GO. These games follow the same concept as more-complex cloud-based AR: they place an abstraction layer over actual real-world images.

The AR cloud will allow this kind of digital overlay on a massive scale by offering a cloud-based medium for AR content. The cloud enables AR applications to take advantage of much higher computational power than you get with a single device running an AR app. A smartphone or head-mounted display limits an AR app’s processing power to the device’s graphics processing unit (GPU) and central processing unit (CPU). Comparatively, AR apps in the cloud can leverage an entire cluster of CPUs and GPUs. Not only does this improve performance and the quality of graphics, it means you can do more with AR.

For example, a restaurant in a specific location could post its menu on the cloud, allowing AR users to view it automatically when they are in a specific location or when the camera and image recognition software on their devices recognize the restaurant building.

Also, rather than a single filter, animated character or single piece of data, the AR cloud could allow massive amounts of information that users could call up based on their settings and manual or voice controls.

AR cloud computing is still in its infancy. However, 5G connectivity, edge computing, and advances in geolocation, image recognition, and processing speeds have made future advances more realistic. Here is a closer look at how these technologies will help AR cloud development.

• 5G networks will allow the rapid transfer of data to handle geolocation, image recognition processing, and sending information to augmented reality layers. The speed will allow access to details in real-time with virtually no latency (also known as lag), which is necessary for AR systems to be useful. Slow-loading information, sluggish image recognition processes, and lagging geolocation all mean the AR experience won’t correspond with the real-world setting.
• Edge computing is another essential element of AR. It involves utilizing resources close to the user to decrease latency. For example, an edge system may use existing Wi-Fi networks or nearby servers to speed up the interaction between devices and cloud-based AR systems.
• Remote rendering of 3D objects or entire apps is perhaps the most important capability of the AR cloud. With remote rendering (also known as pixel streaming or split rendering) solutions such as Interactive Streaming for Augmented Reality (ISAR), an app on the user’s device sends sensor data, such as room tracking and gesture input, to a server in the cloud. There, the AR app renders graphics-intensive 3D content and sends it back to the user’s device with very low latency, allowing the user to interact with complex 3D objects in real time.
• Geolocation is very important for AR cloud development. GPS is accurate for navigation, but it could be off by up to 20 feet. That is not precise enough for hyper-localized interactions. With exact 3D models, AR cloud-connected devices can pinpoint locations more accurately than GPS.
• Image recognition tools are also necessary. With enough data, an AR program may be able to recognize an object and then search for further details about it. For example, perhaps an AR system could recognize a book on a table. Once it defines the object, it can look for more data to find the title of the book, allowing the user to call up reviews, summaries and other information if they wish.

These technologies can help the AR cloud bring more benefits to users.

• The AR cloud will save time because you will not have to manually search for information with an app or browser.
• The AR cloud can also come with privacy controls and better security than stand-alone apps.
• Businesses and organizations will be able to reach customers in new ways and provide information that can help improve their experiences.
• The precise geolocation and information overlays can make navigation much easier, even if you are in an unfamiliar place.
• The AR cloud will make the medium more accessible to everyone. You won’t need specialized knowledge and funding to create an augmented reality app.

What’s more, there are many useful applications for cloud-based AR.

The applications of AR cloud technology could go well beyond entertainment and advertising. 

• Retail. AR programs can help you find information, such as price, reviews, and measurements, for products in a retail store. Some companies, such as IKEA, are already developing this type of AR tool.
• Navigation. In addition to helping tourists find their way around a new city, AR cloud tools can also overlay direction and location information for rescue workers, the military, law enforcement, or first responders who need information quickly in high-stress situations.
• Job training. AR can help people learn new processes when they start a career. The digital overlay can provide directions for unfamiliar tasks or warn of possible missteps.
• Security. AR cloud platforms will likely have security and safety requirements that all developers will have to meet. This can enhance account security and ensure privacy. The Internet of Things (IoT) can also support integrating AR systems with existing cameras and other remote monitoring devices connected to the IoT.
• Accessible safety information. Companies will undoubtedly use the AR cloud for marketing, but they can also use it to provide safety information. The government or regulators can likewise post information about consumer safety, recalls, or dangers of specific products or places on the AR cloud.
• Education. Teachers, schools, and classrooms may be able to leverage the AR cloud to make assignments and curricula more engaging and accessible to students. Textbooks and lessons could be augmented, and cloud storage used to preserve notes or other custom elements for future reference.

The AR cloud is in the early stages of development, so many of these benefits are not yet a reality.

New technology could increase the speed at which the AR cloud develops. Forecasts suggest that 5G technology could lead to increased use by 2025. By 2030, the AR market could be worth $76 billion, with numerous mainstream and specialized applications in finance, healthcare, travel, and public safety.

Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) are powerful technologies that offer immense potential to change many aspects of our lives, including how we work. A survey conducted by Grid Raster found that as many as 56% of businesses surveyed were already using some form of VR or AR in the workplace.

This expansion has plenty of foundation as well. Plenty of students are currently learning VR and AR principles in school and using those skills to apply to a vast number of developing jobs.

Like with other versatile technologies, the way VR and AR are used varies by field and industry. In the medical field, it could be using an AR overlay to help explain medical conditions to patients. In manufacturing, VR simulations of production processes can allow trainees to practice dangerous procedures, enhancing worksite safety. The retail world can use VR to walk customers through brand stories and AR to show them how a product looks in their home.

HR departments for all kinds of businesses can use AR and VR to onboard new employees, upskill current staff and improve employees’ hard- and soft-skills acquisition. And with new advancements in software and hardware, it seems the career opportunities using VR and AR technology, as well as the potential uses of the tech, will continue to grow.

Thanks to its ability to create a realistic space with intuitive interaction, VR presents opportunities for simulating work environments. Not only is this helpful during training for the job, but it also helps in attracting candidates. Recruiters may use these tools to explain typical work scenarios, and candidates may use them to get a more clear understanding of the job.

Using VR can also help by providing assessments to candidates. By providing a realistic scenario, candidates get a chance to display their skills in a more practical way than just talking about their capabilities and past accomplishments.

When it comes to helping new employees acclimate to a workplace and its culture, it can be a bit difficult for remote workers to gain their bearings. However, having employee interactions in a virtual space can help build a sense of camaraderie, which may be important for long-term employee retention.

This, in part, is why a new approach to the metaverse was proposed by Mark Zuckerberg in 2021. Although Zuckerberg initially proposed this new AR and VR advancement to cash in on the social media opportunities, plenty of workplaces see the opportunity in this advancement.

For one, VR could also be used to help new employees explore and get used to their new surroundings. This can make it easier to learn where to find supervisors and other important areas around the office.

VR technology is already used for training in fields such as medicine, but the opportunities don’t stop there. A study performed by the University of Maryland found that, compared to traditional training methods such as watching videos or reading documents, people retain information better while involved in a virtual environment.

As technology advances, it should be easier for groups to collaborate, even in international contexts, for training experiences. With these large collaborations, global, innovative medical advancements will become that much more common, surely leading to improved global health.

Through VR, it has become possible to visit locations across the world in an instant, and at a fraction of the cost. Early iterations of this concept usually limit the experience to a few panoramic views taken from pre-designated angles, but in the future, technology will make it easier to recreate fully immersive and traversable environments. Through VR headsets, workers can explore the office long before they ever actually set foot inside.

Additionally, the use of cloud-based AR could help enhance in-person tours. For instance, AR overlays can provide additional information, department names or on-the-fly directions; helping visitors or new employees tour complicated or unfamiliar facilities.

More and more companies are switching to remote and hybrid work environments, and an increasing number of employees are seeking these hybridized types of opportunities as well. Technologies like Zoom and other video chat software, along with chatting software like Slack help to keep a workforce connected, but the future will likely see VR play a larger role in these areas.

Virtual meetings could see workers sitting together in a virtual office space to see a presentation. And the presentation itself may be enhanced by the tech as well, for instance, rather than just looking at blueprints for a proposed new facility or expansion, VR can transport viewers directly to a virtual version of the environment.

Technology could also present new ways to build team relationships, providing ways to host virtual gatherings, such as after-work game nights, even for employees that live hundreds or thousands of miles away from one another.

Rather than looking at a model on a screen, an artist can directly view and interact with their creation. This makes it easier for a 3D modeler to gain a sense of their sculpture, and make intuitive changes. With a continued emphasis on virtual workspaces, the need for 3D modelers will also increase.

In addition, having VR technology to create models can help ensure they look believable from a variety of angles, which is important since their use in a VR space means viewers could be able to interact with them and view them in unpredictable ways.

While the use of VR continues to grow, so will the amount of data transferred. Complex virtual environments, along with constant tracking of the movements and viewpoints of multiple participants require a lot of data. Since interrupted or inconsistent motion can lead to nausea or Virtual Reality Sickness, the data transfer must remain quick and consistent.

Additionally, advancements in headset technology will provide higher resolutions and framerates, meaning the amount of data transferred to each user will increase as well. To facilitate this, more efficient data pipelines and faster internet connections should move forward in development. The increased significance of virtual interactions also puts greater emphasis on the need for increased account security, as well as measures for protecting privacy and keeping customers safe.

Fixed wireless access, or FWA, is a type of 5G or 4G LTE wireless technology that enables fixed broadband access using radio frequencies instead of cables. FWA can be used to connect homes and businesses to the internet.

FWA technology is constantly evolving and expanding around the country; it may be a viable option for even the most demanding internet usage. Below, you can find out how FWA works, how it’s different from wired broadband, as well as its upsides and downsides.

Fixed wireless access, or FWA, is a type of technology that uses radio waves to send high-speed signals that offer data transfer to and from consumer devices.

FWA systems typically consist of a base station connected to a fixed network and a number of subscriber units spread out over a wide area. The base station then uses radio waves to communicate with the subscriber units, making it possible for consumers to connect to the fixed network and access high-speed data services. These transmitters are strategically attached to stationary structures such as poles, buildings or towers.

Fixed wireless access, which can support 5G technology, is the next generation of wireless connectivity, offering the potential for ultra-high speeds, low latency and massive capacity. In theory, this could allow users to enjoy speeds comparable to a wired broadband connection. FWA differs from wired broadband in one major way.

Wired, fixed-line broadband works through fiber-optic cables, telephone lines (DSL), coaxial cables (cable modem), or powerlines (BPL);  no matter which form of broadband you’re working with, it requires transmission of data through cables. In the case of DSL, for instance, you attach your modem to the phone line in your wall and receive packets of internet data through copper wires. The speed of your DSL connection will depend on how close the phone company’s nearest facility is, as well as the integrity of their phone lines.

With fiber-optic internet, your internet service provider runs the cable all the way to your house, or to a location nearby, in which case you tap in via phone line running to a switching box (or “cabinet”). With FWA, your device is receiving a radio signal from the internet provider’s transmission tower. This doesn’t require any cables or wires to go to your home.

FWA may be able to bring high-speed internet to areas where cables cannot reach, which is why it’s likely to play a role in the future of wireless internet connectivity, especially in digital deserts.

A digital desert is an area where there is little or no access to high-speed internet. This can be due to several factors, such as:

• A lack of infrastructure, such as cables or fiber-optic lines.
• The prohibitive cost of bringing infrastructure to these areas.
• The difficulty of connecting remote or hard-to-reach locations.

Digital deserts often limit residents from taking advantage of the many benefits that come with having a high-speed internet connection, such as:

• Access to online education and job resources.
• The ability to telecommute or work from home.
• Improved access to healthcare and other services.

FWA technology has the potential to address these issues.

How can fixed wireless access combat digital deserts?

There are various ways in which FWA can combat digital deserts, such as:

• By potentially providing high-speed internet to areas that currently lack wired infrastructure. With FWA, cell towers and base stations provide the necessary infrastructure, but you may need to install an antenna on your home to receive the signal.
• By being more affordable than fiber optic for people in rural areas where the cost of running fiber is high at the outset. However, as noted by BroadbandCommunities Magazine, fiber optic becomes less expensive the more houses in an area subscribe to it, while the inverse may be true for FWA.
• By offering low-latency internet to rural subscribers via multiple-input, multiple-out (MIMO) antenna technology, which allows a targeted signal to the consumer’s receiver.

FWA offers an opportunity to provide high-speed internet to areas traditionally underserved by broadband technology.

There are several benefits and limitations to fixed wireless access, which include:

Benefits:

• Bridging the digital gap in underserved areas. In a time when the internet is becoming increasingly essential, FWA offers a way to bring high-speed connectivity to those who need it most.
• Can provide high-speed internet to areas without infrastructure. FWA does not require a physical wired connection outside the home, making it an option for those who reside in areas with mobile coverage.
• Flexible installation. Unlike other technologies, FWA can be installed quickly and easily without needing trenches or other disruptive construction. For example, the first 5G customer in Houston and in the nation simply had a small, pillow-shaped antenna installed on their home, from which a wire runs down to their router. The antenna itself receives a wireless signal from one of Verizon’s many fixed wireless nodes located on power and light poles in Houston.

Limitations:

• Transmission distance is limited. Because FWA connections rely on line of sight, they are limited to areas close to the cellular tower.
• Environmental factors can impact performance. Some FWA connections may be impacted by things like trees, buildings, and path loss, which depends on the terrain.
• Relatively new technology that is continually evolving. As with any new technology, some kinks still need to be worked out, such as occasional outages, dropped connections, and so on.

Despite these limitations, the State of Broadband: People-Centred Approaches for Universal Broadband Sept 2021 (“State of Broadband Report 2021”) from the ITU/UNESCO Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development notes, “Network performance keeps improving, making FWA increasingly competitive and good enough for various use cases, including extensive video streaming.” The report also notes that network costs keep dropping, “making it affordable to households for services such as TV/video streaming.”¹

According to the State of Broadband Report 2021, fixed wired internet infrastructure (for example, DSL and cable) experienced a great deal of network strain due to the pandemic. This has encouraged some network providers to expand infrastructure. The International Telecommunication Union, which helped put together the report, points out that FWA doesn’t work in competition with pre-existing technologies such as wired broadband, mobile wireless and satellite — rather, it complements them.

Accordingly, look for FWA to become a powerful addition to the expansion of internet infrastructure in the future.

1. ITU/UNESCO Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development, "The State of Broadband 2021: People-Centred Approaches for Universal Broadband", International Telecommunication Union and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (September 2021) https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/opb/pol/S-POL-BROADBAND.23-2021-PDF-E.pdf.

Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) were dreams of science fiction not so long ago, but today, they are quickly growing in popularity and use. Although the fundamentals of these technologies have been around for decades, they require specialized components and high processing power that, until recently, were not affordable or compact enough to go mainstream. Now that mobile connectivity is improving with 5G coverage, VR and AR are expanding faster than ever before.

These technologies are already changing how we work, play, shop, and relax. Think about the possibility of standing in a virtual room with your remote teammates, all working on the same 3D model in front of you. Imagine being able to virtually try on an outfit before you buy it online. What about the ability to block out your surroundings and immerse yourself in a movie, game, or meditation session? All of this is possible and becoming easier with the emerging tech of VR, AR and even mixed reality (MR) — known collectively as extended reality (XR).

VR, short for virtual reality, is the term heard most often in popular culture, but VR describes just part of a range of experiences known as the virtuality continuum. Picture the continuum as a line spanning the fully physical world on one end, and the fully virtual on the other. VR exists near the fully virtual end, while AR can be defined by its position along the spectrum. Here is a definition of each:

• Virtual Reality (VR) is an experience where users are fully immersed in a virtual world, unable to see the surrounding physical space.
• Augmented Reality (AR) is the experience nearest to the physical end of the virtuality continuum. In AR, users remain fully aware of the physical space but with digital objects or effects overlaying their view.
• Extended Reality (XR) is the umbrella term that encompasses all of these technologies. Therefore, XR may refer to an experience anywhere along the continuum or multiple experiences collectively.

All forms of XR have the similar purpose of producing interactive digital content, but they differ in their levels of virtuality and modes of interaction. Therefore, each form relies on distinct techniques to influence the user’s perception and provide control in various ways. To understand the unique uses of VR and AR, you must know about their underlying technologies and terms.

How does VR work?

The virtual experience is completely immersive. To that end, VR uses a variety of devices and techniques to block out the real world and make the visuals, audio and controls feel as natural as possible. These include:

• Headset: A head-mounted device (HMD), more commonly known as a headset, is the crucial hardware in any wearable VR system. A headset covers the users' eyes with lenses viewing internal displays, while built-in speakers or headphones deliver the sound. Modern headsets typically come in one of three types. Mobile headsets work by converting a smartphone into an HMD. Tethered/connected headsets run off a computer with a wired connection. Standalone headsets are all-in-one, requiring no connection to another device.
• Stereoscopic imaging: Also called stereoscopy, this is the technique for creating 3D visuals through binocular vision. A VR headset contains two lenses, one for each eye, which present with slight lateral displacement from one another. Just like in real life, our eyes combine the offset images to create the perception of depth.
• Field of view (FoV): A major challenge in VR development has been producing a lifelike field of view in HMDs. Currently, only the very best headsets can approach the natural human FoV of 200 - 220 degrees, but a lower FoV of 100 - 180° is still enough to feel immersive.
• Frame rate (FPS) and refresh rate: These aspects of video quality are particularly important for making VR believable to our brains. Anything less than 90 FPS and a comparable refresh rate will likely induce feelings of motion sickness, so VR systems require powerful graphics processing to exceed the demand.
• Latency: Another important factor for reducing cybersickness, or the feeling of motion sickness during VR, is latency. This is the measurement of response time between motion tracking and the corresponding movement rendered on-screen. Low latency (quick response) is crucial for a smooth VR experience, but it requires very sensitive tracking, high processing power and a fast internet connection.
• Degrees of freedom (DoF): VR headsets enable either three or six degrees of freedom. 3DoF can track rotational movement (looking around from a fixed location) but 6DoF is required for tracking directional movement through 3D space.
• Motion tracking sensors: VR headsets rely on an array of sensors to track the movement of the head, controllers and even the eyes in some cases. Capabilities vary based on the device, but the best modern headsets can accomplish 6DoF with practically zero lag in the response rate.
• Spatial audio: The earliest HMDs used stereo speakers to differentiate sounds in the left and right ears. This technology has advanced significantly, and now VR headsets use immersive audio — also known as 3D audio or spatial audio — which tricks the brain into perceiving sound from any direction, including above or below. Spatial audio not only has immersive audio for both ears, but it can emulate sound that has depth – essentially showing the distance a sound is coming from.
• VR controllers: Most VR headsets come with handheld or hand-worn controllers, which can vary in design. The simplest ones use familiar console-style controls with buttons and joysticks. More advanced versions use motion tracking, touch sensors and haptic feedback. The current trend in development is to improve natural hand tracking and haptics for even more responsive and immersive controls.
• Haptic feedback: Haptic feedback is the feeling of touch conveyed by controllers or other devices to the human user. A simple example is the vibration of a smartphone, but VR is driving the next generation of development in haptic headsets, gloves and even full-body suits.

How does AR work?

AR, on the other hand, is instead concerned with combining the virtual and physical experience. The technologies used in these forms of XR are different from those in VR, although there is some crossover. Here are just a few:

• Computer vision: This core technology of AR uses the science of extracting digital information from visual images. The computer must be able to detect interest points, use them to map the 3D structure of a scene and track relevant points through movement in the space.
• Modes of tracking: Delivery of AR/MR content typically relies on one or more of three distinct tracking methods. Marker-based tracking uses a known visual cue like a QR code or brand logo to trigger an action. Markerless tracking uses more advanced feature detection to recognize dimensions and movement, such as on a human face. Location-based tracking uses spatial coordinates, typically GPS, to map a scene.
• Motion sensors: To move naturally through the 3D space, AR/MR devices must be able to track motion with precision. This may be accomplished by optical sensors, accelerometers, gyroscopes, GPS or any combination of the above technologies.
• Smartphones: Modern smartphones contain all the capabilities listed above, along with adequate processing power, making them suitable for AR interaction through the camera and screen. Many familiar apps already use AR, such as Snapchat and Pokémon GO.
• AR glasses: AR glasses or goggles are other devices that can be used for AR. By projecting a miniature display in front of one or both eyes, the lenses can overlay information on the user’s real-world view. Several AR glasses are available to consumers today, but they are not considered AR just by having this see-through display. Apple and other companies do have AR glasses in the works, however, so the technology could soon become mainstream.

Although the technology behind extended reality is already unfolding and reaching new lengths, the idea of immersive technology is nothing new. People were experimenting long before we even had computers and today’s achievements in XR tech can be traced back more than 100 years.

The foundations of modern VR-related technology began with the invention of 3D imaging by Charles Wheatstone in 1838. Wheatstone was the first scientist to describe binocular vision and he created a device called the stereoscope combining two photographs into a 3D illusion. Stereoscopic imaging remains a key component of VR and many subsequent advancements have led to the virtual experiences we have today.

• 1957: The Sensorama was invented by Martin Heilig. This was an arcade-style booth that used stereoscopic screens, stereo speakers, fans, scent generators and a vibrating chair to immerse the viewer in any of six specially produced short films. Though the term virtual reality was not yet coined, Heilig’s Sensorama is today often credited as the first true VR/XR experience.
• 1960: Heilig also invented the first HMD, which he called the Telesphere Mask. It featured a wide-view stereoscopic display and stereo sound.
• 1975: Computer artist Myron Krueger created the world’s first interactive VR experience, then known as artificial reality. Using cameras, computers and projectors, Myron’s project allowed users’ body movements to control an onscreen figure and interact with the figures of other users who stood in separate rooms.
• 1985: Technology for HMDs improved throughout the 1970s and inventors came up with finger-tracking gloves in the early 1980s. Beginning in 1985, however, the company VPL Research made improvements and became the first to sell VR goggles and gloves. VPL’s founders were also the first to popularize the name “virtual reality.”
• The 1990s: This decade saw rapid advancement of virtual reality technology. Notable developments included a system by NASA for driving the Mars rover and video games by SEGA and Virtuality Group, as well as PTSD therapies for Vietnam veterans by university researchers.
• The 2000s: This decade saw a comparative lull in enthusiasm for VR, as the tech world focused on mobile and smartphone technology. One milestone, however, was the launch of Google Street View in 2007, which used 360-degree cameras and later 3D imagery to show immersive depictions of real-world locations.
• 2010: A young inventor named Palmer Luckey created a prototype headset that would soon become the Oculus Rift. This device made major improvements over HMDs available at the time and its success effectively revived popular interest in VR technology.
• 2014: Facebook bought Luckey’s Oculus VR company for more than $2 billion.
• 2014: Google releases Cardboard, the first of many VR headsets the company releases. Unlike other sleek versions of VR, this headset looks like it’s made of actual cardboard, hence the name.
• 2015: Snapchat launched Lenses, commonly called face filters, which served as an introduction to AR technology for millions of users.
• 2015: Samsung releases Gear VR, the first ever VR set created by the company. For this edition, Samsung partnered with Oculus to make it available to consumers everywhere.
• 2016: Google releases Daydream, a more enhanced and sleeker version of their first VR headset, Cardboard.
• 2016: Microsoft released its Windows Mixed Reality platform and associated headset, the HoloLens.
• 2016: Sony released the PlayStation VR headset and associated VR games for the PS4.
• 2016: HTC and Valve partner up to create their virtual headset, Vive.
• 2018: Following a wave of other companies releasing their own VR products, Facebook released the Oculus Go and later the Oculus Quest, two standalone headsets that led a design push away from tethered devices.
• 2020: Facebook introduced controller-free hand tracking to the Quest and released the updated Oculus Quest 2.
• 2021: Facebook officially rebranded to Meta and the company announced plans to create a virtual world called the Metaverse, which would rely on VR for immersive experiences.

These developments over nearly two centuries have led to the XR of today, which is evolving faster now than ever before. Though video games and mobile apps have been major drivers of the technology so far, VR-related technology is quickly expanding in many other industries as well.

Most people know VR when it comes to gaming or video streaming; these are the main uses for which popular headsets like the Meta Quest and Sony PS VR are marketed. Similarly, AR is best known for mobile apps like Snapchat and Pokemon Go. However, other uses for these technologies are widespread and continually growing.

XR tech for work, education, healthcare and art are all part of an overall trend toward interconnectivity and automation in the modern economy. This momentum was undoubtedly accelerated by pandemic lockdowns and remote work, but as you can tell from the history of VR, this movement has been in the making for decades. To better understand the current state of VR-related technology and where it’s headed in the future, it’s helpful to know about some of the many use cases that exist today.

Examples of XR in education​

The technology is quickly being adopted for education, with many AR/VR apps already available for use in the classroom. Examples include a VR game that lets you build cells of the body and watch how they function and AR apps that place historical figures and events in the room with students in 3D. Today, most apps for education use AR via smartphones and tablets, but in the future, more classrooms may have VR devices like smart goggles and headsets.

These virtual experiences promise a learning environment that’s more interactive and engaging for today’s digital native generation. In addition, XR-based lessons and virtual field trips can offer a few distinct advantages over traditional education methods:

• Lower cost than traveling or buying specialized equipment for hands-on learning;
• Improved safety and risk management;
• Encouragement of active learning and multiple learning styles;
• Immersive, fun, and memorable lessons.

Examples of XR for health and safety

Some of XR’s most compelling uses may be in the field of medicine, and in fact, virtuality in healthcare is nothing new. VR treatments for PTSD began in the 1990s and today more doctors are utilizing VR for trauma-focused therapy, allowing veterans to recall and cope with their experiences in a safe environment. To help even further, Verizon partnered with the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) in the initiative “Project Convergence” to provide Medivis’ 3D technology and other VR technology to offset some of the expenses and struggles veterans face when seeking healthcare.

Another rapidly growing use of the technology is in surgical operations. AR and VR have proved useful for training with simulated surgeries, but some hospitals are even performing augmented surgery on live patients, using AR overlays as a kind of x-ray vision for doctors. There are also collaborative surgeries using AR/MR, where surgeons can stand together in a room as avatars and view holographic displays over the patient.

These are just a few examples of XR tech in healthcare; many other cases exist today that may only be a preview of what will soon be possible, such as:

• XR can help patients communicate their symptoms and help doctors describe treatments with interactive visual aids.
• Continued development of XR systems, along with enhanced performance through 5G networks, will enable improved training and collaboration among medical teams around the world.
• AR apps could aid in safety and emergency response by guiding users to locations of defibrillators, fire extinguishers, emergency exits, blue light phones or public safe spaces.
• First responders can train with VR simulations to prepare them for dangerous real-life scenarios.

Examples of XR in business

Many industries are embracing XR technology for collaboration among remote teams. The ability to visualize people, products or equipment virtually can be a game-changer for collaborative design and workflow. To meet this demand, companies like Microsoft are developing advanced AR headsets and enterprise software, while Meta is advertising VR workrooms in the metaverse.

The retail industry has also been a major driver of these technologies, particularly AR. The global market for AR in retail was estimated at nearly $2.5 billion in 2021 and is expected to grow to more than $12 billion by 2027. For both online and brick-and-mortar stores, AR has the potential to improve the customer experience while reducing expenses. Here are some examples of how:

• “Trying on” outfits and accessories virtually, whether at home or with in-store displays;
• Taking measurements for fitting through online stores;
• Visualizing how products will look in place, with options to try different styles or sizes before buying;
• Picking and matching colors for interior design or home renovations;
• Aiding real-world navigation through cities and shopping spaces with AR cloud information;
• Expanded opportunities for advertising and content marketing in the virtual space;
• Increasing brand engagement through social sharing and customer loyalty through informational or entertainment value.

Examples of XR in art and entertainment

In addition to video games and social media, VR and AR enjoy widespread popularity for entertainment, art, activism and more. Digital artwork, virtual travel and metaverse creations promise endless possibilities. Here are some examples:

• One of the most popular uses of VR headsets is watching shows and movies, with platforms like Youtube and Bigscreen offering dedicated VR content. Most headsets also offer their own apps that let you watch Netflix or other 2D streaming in a virtual space like a living room or movie theater.
• XR technologies offer unlimited potential for artists and designers and the growing market for NFTs provides an exciting opportunity for creators to profit from their work. Apps like Tilt Brush and Masterpiece Studio enable you to create your artwork in immersive 3D.
• The app, AR Pro Interactive, is available in both Google and Apple application stores and provides an interactive look at how professional sports players perform so well. It also guides you through your own performance in certain cases.
• Virtual tourism is destined to expand greatly as more people get access to XR tech. With any VR device, you can already take virtual trips to U.S. national parks or cities around the world. With the introduction of the metaverse, there may soon be an explosion of additional destinations to explore in VR.
• AR is being used extensively to enhance real-world travel experiences as well. Many AR mobile apps can help with navigation and translation while on the go. In addition, artists can use AR to place virtual installations in real-world locations.

Artists are also embracing the technology to spark action on climate change and social justice issues. Activist creators use VR artwork and AR apps to help visualize nature in urban environments or to demonstrate changes to the planet that may happen in the future.

XR products already enjoy a broad and booming market that exceeded $20 billion globally in 2021 and is projected to reach $453.5 billion by 2030, according to one study by Report Ocean. No longer just an experimental field, VR and AR have proven their value for increasing connectivity, productivity and safety in several industries. Now, with hybrid capabilities also being realized, XR tech is firmly a part of the so-called Fourth Industrial Revolution, which describes the dramatic societal changes expected with the exponential development of advanced technologies.

Another part of this revolution is the expansion of 5G, which is delivering faster and more reliable internet to people around the world. With the simultaneous improvement of mobile hardware, AR can be used more readily with the Internet of Things, or the network of smart devices that is growing every day.

Then there is the metaverse, which has been promised by the company Meta but will include versions created by other organizations as well. These virtual worlds are being designed for VR, with the expectation that more and more people will embrace the technology in the coming years.

VR and AR will all become more widespread as the technologies improve. Devices will get smaller, lighter, more stylish and more affordable as the software gets more capable. These trends, along with 5G, the metaverse and the general pace of increasing connectivity in the modern world will make XR technology more familiar in our everyday lives – for social interaction, for work and for just having fun.

An internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides access to the internet. ISPs can provide this access through multiple means, including dial-up, DSL, cable, wireless and fiber-optic connections.

A variety of companies serve as ISPs, including cable providers, mobile carriers, and telephone companies. In some cases, a single company may offer multiple types of service (e.g., cable and wireless), while in other cases, a company may focus on just one type of service (e.g., fiber-optic). Without an ISP, individuals and businesses could not reach the internet and the opportunities it provides.

Internet access is the primary service offered by ISPs, but there are a variety of other services they may provide. These can include:

• Equipment rental: Many ISPs will rent equipment like modems and routers to their customers. This can be a convenient option for those who do not want to purchase their own equipment or do not need the latest and greatest technology.
• Tech support: Many ISPs offer tech support to their customers. This can be a valuable service for those unfamiliar with setting up or troubleshooting internet connections.
• Email access: Some ISPs offer email services to their customers. This can be a convenient way to have an email address linked to your ISP account.
• Tiered connection plans: ISPs typically offer different tiers of service, with different speeds and data allowances. This is a good option for those who want to pay for a higher-speed connection or who need more data than what is included in the basic package.

As a leading provider of internet service, Verizon offers a variety of services to consumers, including:

• Fios Internet: Fios Internet is a 100% fiber-optic network that delivers some of the fastest internet speeds to millions of homes in the mid-Atlantic and New England.
• 5G Home Internet: 5G Home Internet is a wireless home internet service utilizing 5G Ultra Wideband technology that provides the network performance and speed you want to stream, game or work flexibly.
• LTE Home Internet: Verizon LTE Home is a wireless internet service that offers download speeds of 25-50 Mbps, with typical upload speeds of 4 Mbps.

It's important to note that there is a difference between Mbps and Kbps. Mbps stands for megabits per second, while Kbps stands for kilobits per second — one megabit is the equivalent of 1,000 kilobits.

Internet service providers have come a long way since their early days of offering dial-up internet service. In the past, dial-up was the only option for those who wanted to access the internet. This meant that users had to connect their computer to a phone line and use a modem to connect to the internet. The speeds were slow (usually around 56 kbps), and the connection was often unreliable.

As technology progressed, ISPs began offering higher-speed connections using DSL or cable. These connections were much faster than dial-up (usually around 1 Mbps), but they were still slower than what is available today.

Now, ISPs are offering high-speed fiber-optic connections and unlimited data plans. As technology progresses, we are beginning to see new services like high-speed 5G home internet becoming much more widely available.

An ISP is required in order to connect to the internet via a modem in your home or business. Without an ISP, you would not be able to access the wealth of information available online. An ISP can provide you with a fast and reliable connection.

That said, there’s some leeway for those who are interested in using a mobile data plan and hotspot to connect to the internet, instead of paying for a plan from an ISP that doesn’t offer mobile connectivity. With a mobile data plan, you pay for a certain number of gigabytes per month, and you’re able to share data and get internet on multiple devices via hotspot.

A mobile data plan can give you fast, reliable internet —although a data cap may be an issue with some plans. If you're considering a prepaid mobile plan but are worried that you might need more data than it offers, many ISPs offer unlimited data plan options.

Other benefits of using an ISP include:

• ISPs offer a variety of plans, so you can choose the one that is best for your needs.
• ISPs offer discounts or promotions from time to time, so you may be able to get a lower price on your service.
• ISPs often include additional services like email or web hosting.
• ISPs are regulated by the government, so you can be sure they will provide a certain level of service.

If you want a fast and reliable internet connection, you need an ISP. ISPs offer a variety of services that can meet your needs, whether you are a business or a consumer. In addition, ISPs are constantly evolving to offer even higher speeds and unlimited data plans.

There are various considerations when choosing an ISP. Some important factors are:

• Location: Depending on your location, you may only have a few choices for ISPs. This is because each ISP has coverage areas that they serve. If an ISP does not serve your area, you may have to use a different type of connection, like a mobile data plan.
• Speed: How fast do you need your connection to be? If you are just browsing the web or checking email, you may not need a particularly fast connection. However, if you are streaming video or gaming online, you will need a much faster connection. An even faster connection is required for those who work from home and need to upload large files.
• Data cap: Some ISPs have data caps, which means you could be charged overage fees if you use too much data in a month. If you are a heavy internet user, you will want to choose an ISP with an unlimited data plan.
• Budget: The cost of an ISP plan will vary depending on the speed and data allowance you need. You can get a cheaper plan if you only need a basic internet connection for email and web browsing. However, you will need to pay more if you need a faster connection for using multiple apps or streaming.

Included with these considerations is fixed wireless access. This type of internet wirelessly connects your home to a nearby cell tower. This has the potential to offer high speeds, but it may not be available in all areas. Nevertheless, it's worth checking out as an option, even if you live in a rural area that otherwise lacks high-speed access.

Choosing the right ISP is a matter of finding the right balance of speed, data, and price that meets your needs. First, consider what you need from your internet connection and compare the available plans in your area. Then, with a bit of research, you can find the best ISP for you.

A modem and a router are two of the most common devices found in a home network setup. A modem is connected to an internet service provider (ISP), while a router creates a local area network (LAN). Both devices are essential for a functioning home network. However, it can be challenging to understand the difference between a modem and a router as both devices have similar functions. This article explains their differences and individual purposes.

A modem, which stands for "modulator-demodulator," is a device connecting your home to your internet service provider (ISP) through a physical connection. The modem translates the data from your ISP into a format that your home network devices can use.

There are three common types of modem connections:

• Dial-up — A modem that uses a phone line to connect to an ISP. This is the oldest type of modem connection and has largely been replaced by broadband connections.
• DSL — A digital subscriber line modem uses a phone line to connect to an ISP but with much higher speeds than dial-up.
• Cable — A modem that uses a cable TV line to connect to an ISP. This is the most common type of modem connection.

Most ISPs will either rent you a modem or sell you one outright. Many modems nowadays are "all-in-one" devices that also include a router, although you can still purchase a modem and router separately.

A router is a device that creates a local area network (LAN). The router connects to your modem and then to your devices, such as computers, laptops, smartphones, and tablets.

The router connects all devices on your home network and allows them to communicate. It also allows those devices to connect to the internet.

Other advantages of a router include:

• Firewall protection — A router can provide some protection against outside threats by acting as a firewall.
• Network security — A router can also help secure your home network by hiding the IP addresses of your devices from the public internet.
• Parental controls — A router can allow you to set up parental controls so that you can restrict internet access for certain devices.
• Connect to a VPN — A router can also be used to connect to a virtual private network (VPN), providing additional security and privacy for your home network.

When it comes to routers that aren’t combined with modems into one unit, there are two main types: wired and wireless.

• Wireless routers: A wireless router connects to a modem via an Ethernet cable. This transmits data by converting binary code into radio waves. Signals are broadcast wirelessly using antennas. Wireless routers don't create LANs; instead, they establish WLANs that connect several wireless devices.
• Wired routers: A wired router connects to a modem using an Ethernet connection. It then uses other cables to link the network's devices to one another and connect them to the internet.

Each type of router has its advantages and disadvantages. For example, wireless routers are generally easier to set up and use, but wired routers can provide a more secure connection.

A modem and router are both essential components of most home networks, especially for those who have a home office and work remotely. The modem is responsible for sending and receiving signals from the ISP, while the router disperses the signal to devices on the network.

In a typical home network setup, the modem is connected to the router, which is then connected to each device on the network. The modem and router are essential in ensuring a stable and reliable connection. Without a modem, the router would not be able to connect to the internet, and without a router, devices on the network would not be able to communicate.

Modem and router combos

Modem and router combination devices are becoming increasingly common as manufacturers streamline the home networking experience. These combo devices perform both roles, modem and router; this is a convenient solution, for one because it takes up less space than two separate units. Moreover, a combo is easier to install, and you’ll typically spend less at the get-go.

The right modem and router configuration for you depends on several factors, including the size and layout of your home, the number of devices on your network, and your budget. For instance, a modem-router combo may be all you need if you have a small home with only a few devices. If you have a larger home or many devices, you may need to invest in a Wi-Fi extender or mesh system.

A Wi-Fi extender rebroadcasts the original signal from your router, enabling you to tap into an uninterrupted signal. A mesh Wi-Fi router system is multiple access points, or nodes, that communicate with each other. Each node broadcasts its own signal but is linked to the others via software. You tap into the signal from a particular node based on where it’s located.

Essentially, each node in the mesh is a router. A mesh setup is ideal if you have a large property with multiple dead spots where you need multiple devices to be able to seamlessly connect. If you only have one dead area — an outbuilding where your office is located, for example — a Wi-Fi extender should do the trick.

Equally important is to consider the types of internet connections you have and the speed of your internet service. If you have a high-speed fiber-optic connection, you may need a newer modem-router combo that can handle that type of connection. On the other hand, if you only have a slow DSL connection, and you don’t need to connect wirelessly, a standalone modem may be all you need.

Here’s the rundown of each type of modem and router so you can make a decision.

Singular modem

On one hand, a standalone modem is simple to set up and use. Typically, you’ll only need an Ethernet cable to connect to the modem and get internet, regardless of whether it’s dial-up, DSL or cable.

On the other hand, this simple set-up is a limitation, as you may not want to deal with an Ethernet cable, and you can only connect one device to the modem’s single Ethernet port. Worse yet, a modem doesn’t come with any built-in security and privacy features, and you may need to replace it if your ISP upgrades its equipment.

Separate modem and router

If you opt for a separate modem and router, you’ll get a more secure connection than a modem alone can offer. You’ll be able to connect a variety of devices, and if the router is wireless, you can do so without cables. The router should also offer more security features than a standalone modem would.

However, you’ll most likely pay more than you would for a standalone modem, the addition of a separate router will take up more space, and it could be more difficult to set up and use, especially if the modem and router are made by different companies.

Modem and router combo

Today’s advanced modem-router combos are the best of both worlds: they take up less space than a separate modem and router, can be less expensive, and offer more convenience, due to the fact that you only have to set up one device. What’s more, you can find combos capable of supporting the highest internet speeds. You’ll be able to connect multiple devices wirelessly — perfect for streamers, gamers, small businesses and anyone who enjoys updated, streamlined technology.

While technology has made it easier than ever to connect to the internet, there are still a few things you need to know before you can get online. For instance, it's essential to know viable solutions for network strain, as homes with many devices can often suffer from connection issues, especially those with multiple devices connecting to the internet simultaneously.

Another important consideration is security; with so many devices and people connecting to the internet, it's more important than ever to ensure your home network is secure. Other key considerations include internet speed and reliability, both of which are essential for a smooth online experience.

No matter what modem, router, or combination device you choose, it's necessary to understand the difference between the devices and how they work together. With that knowledge, you can make an informed decision about which type of modem or router is right for your home.

In today’s world, internet access is vital in many areas of life, including education, work and entertainment. Although having internet service is one of the necessary components of supporting evolving technology like virtual reality (VR), it is also needed for essential day-to-day activities, like remote work and online classes. But even if you have access, poor reliability or speed can create challenges.

Not having reliable internet access, of course, could cause a student to miss a submission deadline, or an employee to lose connection during an important conference call.  But reliability alone isn’t enough; the speed of a connection also matters. According to the Federal Communications Commission, lack of access to high speed internet may limit educational opportunities in rural areas. Compared to those in urban areas, students in rural areas may lack the high-speed service necessary to be a part of the remote learning experience. All this said, just having access to the internet at home can be a challenge for many, especially in rural areas.

To help combat this lack of access some areas and/or individuals may face, some corporate entities, non-profits, and government agencies are working to provide resources to help facilitate internet access.

Depending on your location, you might have access to different types of internet connectivity options. This can be due to the existing infrastructure within your community, or it could be related to internet access options at your home vs. at work or school. Some of the more common types of internet connectivity include:

• Fiber-based internet connectivity: Fiber internet options, like Verizon Fios, use fiber optic cables to quickly transfer large amounts of data.
• Cable-based internet connectivity: This type of high-speed internet uses existing cable TV infrastructure.
• DSL: A digital subscriber line is an older form of internet that utilizes phone lines.
• Fixed wireless: Fixed wireless access uses mobile networks, like 4G LTE and Verizon 5G Ultra Wideband, to provide internet access via radio or other wireless link.
• Satellite internet: This type of internet connectivity uses communication satellites to transfer data.
• Dial-Up: Dial-up is an older type of internet connectivity that uses a standard phone line.

When you’re trying to determine which type of internet connectivity will be best for you, you’ll want to consider several factors, including your budget, your location and your typical usage.

There are several different factors that can influence the overall quality of your internet connection and your experience utilizing it. When you’re considering the form of internet connectivity that is right for you, you’ll want to be sure to understand some key concepts outlined below.

Internet speed

The speed of your internet connection can have a big impact on your internet experience and the tasks you can accomplish. To get the best internet experience, you should consider your personal internet needs and compare available options.

Bandwidth

Bandwidth refers to the data transfer capacity within a certain period and is typically measured in Mbps or Kbps. In terms of an internet connection, it determines how much data can be processed and transferred through your internet network. Generally speaking, the greater the bandwidth, the faster the internet speed.

However, this could be impacted by how much data you are transferring across your network. Transferring large files or streaming high-definition video can use large amounts of data and strain your network.

Broadband

According to the FCC, the definition of broadband internet is a minimum of 25 Mbps download and 3 Mbps upload speeds. There are many types of broadband connections, including fiber internet, fixed wireless internet and satellite internet. Therefore, if you want high-speed internet, you must have some sort of broadband connection.

Wi-Fi

Most internet users are generally familiar with devices like modems and routers. A modem uses a wide-area network (WAN) to bring the internet into the home. A router generates a local area network (LAN) to bring the internet to a collection of devices. Both of these devices can incorporate the use of Wi-Fi, which is a type of wireless technology. It is used by Wi-Fi capable devices to connect to the internet via the wireless router. Many factors could affect the speed of Wi-Fi, such as:

• The Wi-Fi technology you’re using;
• The distance between your router and your adapter;
• The activation of power saver modes;
• The quality of the router’s antenna;
• The placement of the router (including any structures that obstruct the signal);
• Pending updates for firmware;
• The amount of data being transferred;
• Other devices’ use of the same frequency, such as baby monitors.

Both the quality of your Wi-Fi and your internet choice determines the speed of your internet connection. This could include choosing between 4G and 5G for your home or personal internet.

Although there are plenty of internet connectivity options available, many still struggle to afford access. With that in mind, users have several options, including:

• Public hotspots and municipal wireless networks: In many communities, there are publicly available internet access options, such as public institutions and libraries. However, you will need to be particularly careful with personal security and safety when utilizing these options.
• Government subsidy: Subsidies may be available at a federal, state or local level. These are discounts, payments or tax cuts provided by the government. The Affordable Connectivity Program (ACP) is just one example that provides financial assistance for internet access based on your income. ACP provides  qualifying households with a $30 per month discount on broadband service ($75 per month on tribal lands). Through the ACP and the Verizon Fios Forward discount, qualifying households can get a 300 Mbps Fios Home Internet plan for free.
• Community mesh networks: This is a form of a decentralized community network that utilizes a group of devices to create a larger network.

It will also be helpful to look into any other options that may be available in your community and specific to your local area.

Generally speaking, there are a variety of steps you can take to find low-cost internet options, depending on your background. If you find that you’re intimidated by all the necessary applications needed to qualify for previously mentioned free internet options, you can break down the process with the following steps:

• Research low-cost options offered in your community
• Consider low-cost programs through your ISP such as Verizon Lifeline or the ACP
• Find someone that you can share the cost with
• Consider switching to a more affordable internet service

Options for assistance may also vary based on your location and income.

Families and households with more than one member may be uniquely qualified for low-cost internet access. Many households have parents who work from home and/or young students who require internet access for schoolwork.

Grants and assistance programs are available to increase this access to members of every household, including:

• The Tribal Broadband Connectivity Program: This program provides grants to tribal nations to improve internet access in tribal communities.

Additionally, if you qualify for the following programs, you may qualify for assistance with internet access:

• National School Lunch Program (NSLP): This program does not directly offer financial assistance related to internet access. However, households that qualify for the NSLP are eligible for assistance from government programs such as ACP.
• Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF): Households that qualify for TANF benefits may be eligible for assistance with internet access.
• Supplemental Security Income (SSI): SSI recipients may qualify for assistance with internet access.

In the post-pandemic world, internet-based schoolwork has become a routine part of school education. For learners of all ages, assistance options help students obtain internet access, including:

• On-campus internet access: Most students can get free Wi-Fi on their college campus or other Wi-Fi hotspots.  Note issues of security discussed above.
• No annual contract internet plans: No annual contract internet plans can be especially good for students who need flexibility.
• Student deals: Some internet providers offer deals for students.

Students should also research any options specific to their educational institution or community.

Digital illiteracy is common among senior citizens, which combined with a lack of internet access can exacerbate certain health situations or conditions. Not only can senior citizens use the internet as a tool to contact emergency services, but they can also use it to stay connected to family and loved ones. The following assistance options can help senior citizens pay for internet access:

• Supplemental Security Income (SSI): SSI recipients qualify for assistance with internet access from programs such as ACP or Lifeline.
• Senior discounts: Some individual providers may offer senior discounts.

With reliable access to the internet, senior citizens can significantly improve their quality of life.

Most notably, many government agencies have examined rural communities and their lack of internet access, especially when the pandemic exacerbated the issue of reliably utilizing telehealth or remote school work. In 2021, Congress appropriated $42 billion for the Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment (BEAD) program, to support the deployment of broadband in unserved and underserved rural areas. In addition, many agencies, government or non-profits alike have created assistance programs for those that require broadband or internet access, including the Federal Communications Commission and the U.S. Department of Agriculture:

• U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA): As of 2021, the USDA dedicated $1.15 billion to help improve internet access in rural and agricultural communities for healthcare and educational services.
• Health Resources & Services Administration (HRSA): The HRSA provides funding for any that require internet access to telehealth services, in particular.
• Rural Health Information Hub: This resource outlines a variety of organizations across the U.S. that have increased funding to provide for rural communities that require internet access.

With these resources, anyone, no matter their location or background, will have a better chance to access information online.

All the data you see via the internet is measured in binary digits. Most people are vaguely familiar with "binary language," which encodes data using 1s and 0s. However, you have likely never heard of the term in the context of internet and device data processing speeds. That is because it is almost always shortened from "binary digits" to “bits.”

Regardless of the type of internet connection you have, its speed will always be calculated in bits. Today’s internet speeds are fast compared to the early days of the World Wide Web. The smallest unit you will see these days is a kilobit. The prefix “kilo” means “one thousand,” so a kilobit (abbreviated as Kb) is 1,000 bits.

High-speed internet has brought a different unit into the picture. Megabits (Mb) are larger than kilobits, with one megabit equalling 1,000 kilobits (or one million bits).

When it comes to internet speed, the unit of measurement is the number of kilobits or megabits sent over the internet connection each second. While shopping for internet service, you will see these figures quoted in megabits per second (Mbps) and kilobits per second (Kbps).

The catch for internet service shoppers is that faster connections are more expensive, so for most users, the best strategy is to get a service plan that is quick enough for your online activities without much extra speed left over. It is possible to run a speed test to see the real-world data transfer rate.

Here is what you need to know about Mbps and Kbps and how they affect data transfer speeds and internet service.

It’s easy to confuse bits with another common digital data-related unit of measurement, bytes. On a technical level, there is one major difference. Bits contain only binary data, while bytes can also contain letters and symbols.

There is a mathematical comparison between the two terms: 1 byte is the equivalent of 8 bits. In other words, 1 byte consists of 8 binary digits.

You can convert bits to bytes by dividing the number of bits by eight. Both terms use the prefixes kilo (1,000) and mega (1 million) to make measuring the base unit easier.

Internet speed is almost always in bits, while bytes are the unit to measure memory requirements. There are also subtle differences in the abbreviations. Mb refers to megabits, while MB (both letters capitalized) is for megabytes. The same applies to kilobits (Kb) and kilobytes (KB).

These terms may overlap when it comes to download and upload speeds. Kilobytes per second (KBps) and megabytes per second (MBps) can refer to the upload or download speed of a file. Bytes per second measurements offer insight into the volume of data that a connection can handle. In practical terms, a low KBps figure could mean it will take a long time to upload a large file, which could create a roadblock in your connection, making it unusable for other tasks until the upload is complete.

For internet connection speeds, however, the primary units are bits, so you need to find the Kbps or Mbps figure that meets your needs.

As we have already stated, 1 Mbps is 1,000 times faster than 1 Kbps. Mbps speeds are more common, but there may be instances where you need to convert one unit to the other to compare internet speeds or speed requirements for specific activities. Such a comparison can only take place if both figures are in the same unit.

Luckily, the conversion is easy for anyone who paid attention in middle school math (or knows how to use a calculator). You can convert Mbps to Kbps by multiplying the megabit figure by 1,000. The product will typically be a very large number. To go from Kbps to Mbps, you divide the kilobit number by 1,000. This will be a much smaller number, and it will often have a decimal.

You may find it easier to compare in Mbps, because the numbers will be much smaller, but it doesn’t matter as long as all the speed numbers are in the same unit.

Mbps is faster than Kbps. Unless the Kbps measurement is more than 1,000 or the Mbps is a decimal figure less than one, you can automatically assume that Mbps is faster.

The key is to understand how much speed you need for your internet connection. If you only need basic online tools like email and a browser, speeds measured in Kbps may be fine. In other instances, anything less than 5 Mbps will be too slow.

What connection speed do you need from your internet service or data plan? It depends on how you plan to use it.

The Federal Communication Commission (FCC) converts its internet speed units into Mbps. It publishes rough guidelines regarding minimum speeds for specific tasks. The agency suggests at least 1 Mbps for general internet browsing and email and 0.5 Mbps (500 Kbps) for music streaming, VoIP calls, and other basic tasks. For telecommuting and online study it suggests at least 5 Mbps, and video streaming recommendations vary based on video resolution. For HD videos it suggests at least 5 Mbps, while for 4K movies it suggests at least 25 Mbps.

These figures are based on a single internet user. If multiple people in your household or office are online at the same time, these requirements will rise.

What happens if your internet speed doesn’t support your needs? Network strain occurs when you are running multiple programs, or multiple users are performing high-demand tasks simultaneously. If this happens, and there is not enough speed to keep up, you will notice greater lag, disconnections, and other problems.

With 4K streaming, virtual and augmented reality (VR and AR) software, and online gaming via internet-connected consoles, the issue of network strain is more common than you might think.

You should also consider network strain when choosing an internet service provider (ISP). The company should offer speeds that are fast enough to handle the needs of you and the others in your home or office. It will also be helpful if they have different plans so that you can switch to a higher or lower speed setup if needed.

Raising financially savvy children is a lengthy process, so it's best to start when the kids are young. Children need guidance from budgets to credit scores to understand a dollar's value. Parents are responsible for helping kids understand fiscal responsibility.

Not every concept related to money is simple for kids to understand, and much of it depends on the child's age. For example, owing interest on money borrowed may be difficult for a middle schooler to understand, while learning where the money comes from to buy an item may not make sense to a preschooler. Luckily, there are many resources available to help adults explain how money works to kids, especially given the many technological developments made in the past two decades.

Technology offers parents and educators access to financial literacy toolkits like never before, with websites, apps and other tools developed to lead children toward financial success.

Start with the basics of earning, saving, investing, spending and borrowing.

Let's consider these key components:

• Earning: How do you put more money in your pocket? This is a question everybody ponders at some point in their lives and is the foundation of earning. Teach children about the different ways to "earn" money, such as jobs, chores, careers and investing.
• Saving: An excellent way to teach saving is with a goal in mind. Teach children how to withhold a portion of their income to reach that goal. This could be buying a video game or even going to college. Goals can be adjusted according to the child's age, priorities and needs.
• Investing: How do I use money to make more money? This is pretty much the core concept of investing. Children can be taught how investments work gradually, starting with savings accounts and leading up to stocks or other more challenging concepts. Checking with your financial advisor about investing is always a good idea.
• Spending: Spending is perhaps a child's favorite aspect of money, while accountability and budgeting may be their least favorite. It's a good idea to teach these concepts in tandem. Help children learn how to calculate a realistic budget with their earnings in mind.
• Borrowing: The concept of borrowing can be taught to kids through small loans. Children must learn that loans aren't just free money and need to be repaid. Talk to them about credit cards, interest and debt too.

Why is it important for children to be financially literate?

Financially literate children tend to grow up to be financially literate adults. This is why it is so crucial for children to understand how money works. Early exposure to proper money management skills sets them down a path of knowledge and success.

The benefits of using technology to teach personal finance

Traditional methods of learning about money may seem outdated to the next generation. Children of all ages are growing up in a technological era in which access to digital platforms has never been so abundant. Everything from the internet to social media is a part of their everyday life.

Parents and educators can take advantage of this opportunity to explore new teaching methods. From simple counting to loans and credit cards, there's no lack of options for financial literacy tools available online.

What's more, gamification inspires motivation. Children of all ages are less likely to be bored by technology's new, stimulating learning methods and more likely to retain what they're learning.

With a basic understanding of money, elementary school-aged children may want more. Parents and educators can help them learn the way of the world by teaching them how to save and budget. Both are vital skills they need now and as they become adults.

Saving money

Although elementary school children probably won't need to be saving money, you can begin orienting them to the concept of saving at this age. There are plenty of applicable lessons from saving that aren't just money-related. Teach these lessons with things like food. If their favorite food is ice cream, buy them a pint and teach them how to savor it, so it's not all gone at once.

Budgeting and need vs. want

Children at this age don't need a fiscal budget, but it is an excellent time to familiarize them with the concept. Creating a budget goes beyond just managing your money. This skill can come in handy for budgeting time and resources too.

You can teach budgeting alongside opportunity cost. Even if you don't use the term "opportunity cost," this is another concept children at this age should learn. Teach them the difference between impulse buying versus long-term goals — or needs versus wants. Help them with prioritization and show them conscientious shopping.

Middle school is when money becomes a little more tangible in a child's life. Some children this age may take on gigs such as mowing the lawn or delivering newspapers. Many middle-school kids also earn an allowance. Parents can help their preteens visualize a smart money plan with the right tools and tech.

Comparison shopping

By middle school, lots of children understand needs versus wants. So, a good subject to teach them next is comparison shopping. Teach them comparison shopping using items they're familiar with, such as school supplies.

For instance, they know they need notebooks and pens to complete their education. Help them look at the size and price of these items. One week, look at the brand-name items, and the following week look at the generic version. Discuss differences and decide together which is worth the cost.

Income

Middle school is the time in a child's life when they begin thinking about what they want to be when they grow up. Of course, they don't need to decide on a career at age 12, but it is the starting point for discovering how their unique skills and hobbies fit into this world. The time when kids are beginning to think about career paths presents the perfect opportunity for parents and educators to discuss income.

Different jobs and careers inevitably have different incomes. Talk to them about not only income but also responsibilities, paychecks, taxes and benefits. You may wish to introduce them to the concept of income by using allowance payments as an example.

Apps and tools

Below is a list of apps and tools suitable for middle schoolers:

• The Frugality Game: Perfect for middle schoolers, The Frugality Game teaches children how to record and manage their personal finances. Each level takes you to a new land and introduces a new financial responsibility.
• The Budget Game: The Budget Game is another interactive game teaching kids how to budget and why it's essential. Throughout the game, kids have bills to pay and expenses to budget.
• Saving the Day: Saving the Day helps kids discover their money personality type by giving them choices about how and when to spend their money.

By high school, children are young adults. They may get their first credit card, have their first job or even be looking for student loans. All of these matters can be tricky without a bit of guidance. It is up to parents and educators to guide them throughout all these decisions. What teens are learning now can shape their lives for years to come.

Help them achieve a good credit score, avoid predatory loans and learn how to file taxes at these ages.

Loans and debt

High schoolers have a lot to learn about loans. Since many high schoolers head off to college at this time in their lives, it is a perfect opportunity to discuss student loans. Parents and educators must teach them not only how to apply for them but also how to avoid predatory lenders. It is vital to offer them effective security tips for navigating online spending, loans or credit cards.

Learning about loans also comes with understanding debt. You can teach these subjects together naturally. Teach your teens about healthy borrowing habits, the different types of loans and the difference between good and bad debt. Make these subjects a reality for them by discussing how they will pay for college.

Credit scores and credit building

The teenage years are also perfect for learning about credit scores and building credit. Your teen may already know what a credit card is but not know exactly how it works. Teens attending college and entering the workforce must learn how to navigate credit.

Teach them what a good balance is, what they can afford to charge and how to pay off debt. Tie in conversations about interest charges, late payments and credit utilization ratios.

Apps and tools

Below is a list of apps and tools suitable for high schoolers:

• Scam Busters: Scam Busters follows Liam as he tries to help his family avoid being scammed. Perfect for high schoolers, this game introduces students to the world of predatory lending and fraudulent activity.
• Charge!: Charge! is a simulation tool that introduces teens to credit cards. The game explores interest rates and payment periods.
• Stock Market Game: The Stock Market Game is an online simulation of the global capital markets that prepares kids for financially independent futures.

Below is a list of general financial literacy resources for parents and educators:

• Family Money: Family Money offers financial literacy resources for kids (ages 8 and up) and parents. With a prepaid debit card, parents can help empower kids to learn responsibility, manage money and gain financial freedom. Try Family Money on us for 30 days*. See Trial Offer & Auto-Renew Terms.
• InCharge: InCharge offers online financial literacy resources for kids from preschool to second grade. Their resources contain lessons on making spending decisions, earning money and investing, among other important skills.
• Kid's Turn: Kid's Turn is a collaborative blog for parents about helping children learn, grow and play. You can use the blog for several purposes, including finding further financial literacy resources.
• CreditCards.com: CreditCards.com provides information for children and teens on basic financial literacy skills in preparation for their first credit card.
• Kuder: Kuder.com features links to several free financial literacy resources for parents and teachers. These resources are most suitable for grades K-12.

Government resources

Below is a list of government-specific resources for parents and educators:

• Federal Reserve Education: The U.S. Federal Reserve Education website provides resources for educators to help shape students into informed consumers. Educators can find virtual learning resources, order publications and their local Federal Reserve office through the website.
• National Credit Union Administration: The National Credit Union Administration's Financial Literacy and Education Resource Center provides resources, guidance, games and tools for parents and educators.
• USA.gov: USA.gov features an abundance of educational resources specifically geared towards teens and young adults navigating student loans and financial aid.
• U.S. Mint Coin Classroom: The U.S. Mint Coin Classroom features different games and activities designed to teach kids about U.S. coins. This website can serve as a valuable resource to both parents and educators.
• U.S. Mint Education Resources: The U.S. Mint website also features an array of educational resources, including at-home activities and teacher lesson plans.
• Consumer Financial Protection Bureau: The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau offers financial education resources for youths to help them develop financial knowledge and skills.
• U.S. Treasury: The U.S. Treasury offers a thorough list of financial education resources through its Office of Financial Education.